''FINANCIAL'' is the weekly English-language newspaper with offices in Tbilisi, Georgia and Kiev, Ukraine. Published by Intelligence Group LLC, ''FINANCIAL'' is focused on opinion leaders and top business decision-makers; It's about world’s largest companies, investing, careers, and small business. It is distributed in Georgia and Ukraine. Declared circulation of the newspaper in Georgia is 5 000 and 10 000 of special editions. Zviad Pochkhua, President of Independent Association of Georgian Journalists (member of IFJ ) and former Director and Chief Editor of ''Georgian Times'' publications holds the position of the Editor-in-Chief.

On June 5, 2007 Intelligence Group ltd (Ukraine) obtained a licence for publishing FINANCIAL weekly newspaper in Ukraine. Registration N: 12828-1712p

FINANCIAL (The FINANCIAL) is registered trade mark of Intelligence Group ltd in Georgia and Ukraine. Trade mark registration by Sakpatenti (Registration date: October 24, 2007) Registration N: 85764 Trade mark registratrion by Ukrainian State Register body (Registration date: November 14, 2007)

in March 2011 The FINANCIAL first in Georgia introduced QR mobile codes on its printed edition, allowing readers to scan and read articles on their mobile phones.

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name	Nouriel Roubini
school tradition	New Keynesian economics
color	darkorange
birth date	March 29, 1959
birth place	Istanbul, Turkey
nationality	American
institution	New York University
field	International economics
alma mater	Bocconi University (B.A. 1982)Harvard University (Ph.D. 1988)
influences	John Maynard KeynesHyman MinskyLarry SummersJeffrey Sachs
signature
repec prefix	e | repec_id pro145 }}

Nouriel Roubini (born March 29, 1959) is an American economist. He anticipated the collapse of the United States housing market and the worldwide recession which started in 2008. He teaches at New York University's Stern School of Business and is the chairman of Roubini Global Economics, an economic consultancy firm.

The child of Iranian Jews, he grew up in Italy. After receiving a BA in political economics at Bocconi University, Milan and a doctorate in international economics at Harvard University, he became an academic at Yale and a practicing economist at the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Federal Reserve, World Bank, and Bank of Israel. Much of his early research focused on emerging markets. During the administration of President Bill Clinton, he was a senior economist for the Council of Economic Advisers, later moving to the United States Treasury Department as a senior adviser to Timothy Geithner, who in 2009 became Treasury Secretary.

Roubini's critical economic views have earned him the nicknames "Dr. Doom" and "permabear" in the media. In 2008, ''Fortune'' magazine wrote, "In 2005 Roubini said home prices were riding a speculative wave that would soon sink the economy. Back then the professor was called a Cassandra. Now he's a sage". The ''New York Times'' notes that he foresaw "homeowners defaulting on mortgages, trillions of dollars of mortgage-backed securities unraveling worldwide and the global financial system shuddering to a halt". In September 2006, he warned a skeptical IMF that "the United States was likely to face a once-in-a-lifetime housing bust, an oil shock, sharply declining consumer confidence, and, ultimately, a deep recession". Nobel laureate Paul Krugman adds that his once "seemingly outlandish" predictions have been matched "or even exceeded by reality."

As Roubini's descriptions of the current economic crisis have proven to be accurate, he is today a major figure in the U.S. and international debate about the economy, and spends much of his time shuttling between meetings with central bank governors and finance ministers in Europe and Asia. Although he is ranked only 512th in terms of lifetime academic citations, he was #4 on ''Foreign Policy'' magazine's list of the "top 100 global thinkers." In 2011, he was named by ''Foreign Policy'' magazine to its list of top global thinkers. He has appeared before Congress, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the World Economic Forum at Davos.

Early life and education

Nouriel Roubini was born in Istanbul, Turkey, to Iranian Jewish parents. When he was an infant, his family lived briefly in Iran and Israel. From 1962 to 1983 he resided in Italy, especially in Milan, where he attended the local Jewish school and then the Bocconi University, earning a B.A., ''summa cum laude'', in economics. He received his Ph.D. in international economics from Harvard University in 1988, where his adviser was Jeffrey Sachs. He is a U.S. citizen and speaks English, Persian, Italian, Hebrew, and conversational French .

Career

For much of the 1990s, Roubini combined academic research with policy making by teaching at Yale and then in New York, while also being employed at the International Monetary Fund, the Federal Reserve, World Bank, and Bank of Israel. Currently, he is a professor at the Stern School of Business at New York University. Long study of emerging market blowouts in Asia and Latin America helped him spot the looming disaster in the U.S. "I’ve been studying emerging markets for 20 years, and saw the same signs in the U.S. that I saw in them, which was that we were in a massive credit bubble," he said.

By 1998, he joined the Clinton administration first as a senior economist in the White House Council of Economic Advisers and then moved to the Treasury department as a senior adviser to Timothy Geithner, then the undersecretary for international affairs, who in 2009 became Treasury secretary in the Obama administration.

Roubini returned to the IMF in 2001 as a visiting scholar while it battled a financial meltdown in Argentina. He cowrote a book on saving bankrupt economies entitled, ''Bailouts or Bail-ins?'' and launched his own consulting firm.

Role models

He credits a number of economists for his understanding of economics. He said, "One person who has had a great impact on me intellectually was my adviser at Harvard, Jeffrey Sachs. For me he’s the model of a great intellectual. He is both a rigorous academic and very human, involved in big picture issues such as poverty, AIDS, and Africa. He’s someone with a great mind that is also very engaged with the world. Another intellectual hero is Larry Summers, the former President of Harvard, an amazing intellectual and academic, who is very deeply involved with the policy world. I worked for him for many years in the US Treasury during the Clinton Administration".

Global nomad

He likes to refer to himself as a "global nomad", and says, "You can be sitting still surfing the Internet, and experience other worlds, ideas and societies. But I’ve found that there is nothing better than visiting a different country, even if for three days. ... you can’t only be a virtual Global Nomad, with goggles on, in a virtual reality. You have to be there. You have to see it, smell it and live it. You have to see people, travel, and interact."

Partly to fulfill this need, he became chairman of RGE, an economic consultancy for financial analysis. In describing the purpose of RGE Monitor, he said, "the world is my home, so everything about society and culture—no matter how miniscule—is worth knowing. I am an information junkie and created RGE Monitor to collect information about what’s happening around the world."

Speaking of his early influences, Roubini said, "I was born into a relatively orthodox Jewish family in Iran, lived in Israel and Turkey, and then moved to Italy as a child. By the age of six, instead of going to a yeshiva, I went to a secular Jewish school where I interacted with kids from all sorts of different backgrounds. Had I gone to an orthodox Jewish school, I would perhaps be orthodox now and may have never become a Global Nomad."

Personal investments

During an interview in June 2009, he was asked about his personal lifestyle expenses and other investments. He said, "I regularly save about 30% of my income. Apart from my mortgage, I don’t have any other debts. The credit crunch hasn’t affected me much. . . . I’ve always lived within my means and, luckily, have never been out of work. I would say I’m a frugal person—I don’t have very expensive tastes. . . . You don’t need to spend a lot to enjoy things."

Asked whether he invests in stocks, he replied, "Not as much these days. I used to have a lot in equities—about 75%—but over the past three years, I’ve had about 95% in cash and 5% in equities. You’re not getting much from savings these days but earning 0% is better than losing 50%. . . . I don’t believe in picking individual stocks or assets. . . . Never invest your money as though you are gambling at the casino. Buying and selling individual stocks is a waste of time."

Economic forecast

U.S. economy

In the 1990s, Roubini studied the collapse of emerging economies. He used an intuitive, historical approach backed up by an understanding of theoretical models to analyze these countries and came to the conclusion that a common denominator was the large current account deficits financed by loans from abroad. Roubini theorized that the United States might be the next to suffer, and as early as 2004 began writing about a possible future collapse. ''Business Week'' magazine writer Michael Mandel, however, noted in 2006 that Roubini and other economists often make general predictions which could happen over multiyear periods.

In September 2006, he foresaw the end of the real estate bubble: "When supply increases, prices fall: that’s been the trend for 110 years, since 1890. But since 1997, real home prices have increased by about 90 percent. There is no economic fundamental—real income, migration, interest rates, demographics—that can explain this. It means there was a speculative bubble. And now that bubble is bursting." In the Spring 2006 issue of ''International Finance'', he wrote an article titled "Why Central Banks Should Burst Bubbles" in which he argued that central banks should take action against asset bubbles. When asked whether the real estate ride was over, he said, "Not only is it over, it’s going to be a nasty fall."

By May 2009, he felt that analysts expecting the U.S. economy to rebound in the third and fourth quarter were "too optimistic". He expected the full recession to last 24 or 36 months, and believed in the possibility of an "L-shaped" slow recovery that Japan went through in The Lost Decade.

In his opinion, much of the current recession's cause is due to "boom-and-bust cycles," and he feels the U.S. economy needs to find a different growth path in the future. "We’ve been growing through a period of time of repeated big bubbles," he said. "We’ve had a model of 'growth' based on overconsumption and lack of savings. And now that model has broken down because we borrowed too much." He feels that too much human capital went into financing the "most unproductive form of capital, meaning housing" and would like to see America create a model of growth in more-productive activities. He feels that "sustainable growth may mean investing slowly in infrastructures for the future, and rebuilding our human capital," by investing in renewable resources. "We don’t know what it’s going to be," he says, "but it’s going to be a challenge to find a new growth model. It’s not going to be simple."

;Recovery from recession

In August 2009, Roubini predicted that the global economy would begin recovering near the end of 2009, but the U.S. economy is likely to grow only about one percent annually during the next two years, which is less than the three percent normal "trend." He noted that the Fed is "now embarked on a policy in which they are in effect directly monetizing about half of the budget deficit," but that as of now "monetization is not inflationary," as banks were holding much of the money themselves and not relending it. When these attitudes reverse at the end of the recession, that would be time for an "exit strategy, of mopping up that liquidity" and taking some of the money back out of circulation, "so it doesn’t just bid up house prices and stock values in a new bubble. And that will be 'very, very tricky indeed,'" he stated.

Also, in late July, he warned that if no clear exit strategy is outlined and implemented, there was the potential of a perfect storm: fiscal deficits, rising bond yields, higher oil prices, weak profits, and a stagnant labor market, which combined could "blow the recovering world economy back into a double-dip recession."

Global economy

2006

In 2006 Roubini predicted that Italy, and possibly a series of other eurozone countries (Portugal, Spain, Greece) might have to exit the eurozone if they did not implement "serious economic reforms." " [It] is not a foregone conclusion but, if Italy does not reform, an exit from EMU within 5 years is not totally unlikely. Indeed, like Argentina, Italy faces a growing competitiveness loss given an increasingly overvalued currency and the risk of falling exports and growing current account deficit. The growth slowdown will make the public deficit and debt worse and potentially unsustainable over time. And if a devaluation cannot be used to reduce real wages, the real exchange rate overvaluation will be undone via a slow and painful process of wage and price deflation."

2009

As of January 2009, he remained pessimistic about the U.S. and global economy. He said in September, 2008, "we have a subprime financial system, not a subprime mortgage market". "As the U.S. economy shrinks, the entire global economy will go into recession. In Europe, Canada, Japan, and the other advanced economies, it will be severe. Nor will emerging market economies—linked to the developed world by trade in goods, finance, and currency—escape real pain." He was quoted in South Africa's 2009 budget speech for his role in predicting the current financial crisis in the developed markets.

Roubini notes that the subprime issues are a global, and not just a U.S. problem. In an interview with author James Fallows in late spring of 2009, he stated, "People talk about the American subprime problem, but there were housing bubbles in the U.K., in Spain, in Ireland, in Iceland, in a large part of emerging Europe, like the Baltics all the way to Hungary and the Balkans. It was not just the U.S., and not just 'subprime.' It was excesses that led to the risk of a tipping point in many different economies."

His pessimism is focused on the short-run rather than the medium or long-run. In ''Foreign Policy'' (Jan/Feb 2009), he writes, "Last year’s worst-case scenarios came true. The global financial pandemic that I and others had warned about is now upon us. But we are still only in the early stages of this crisis. My predictions for the coming year, unfortunately, are even more dire: The bubbles, and there were many, have only begun to burst".

At a conference in Dubai in January, 2009, he said, the U.S. banking system was "effectively insolvent." He added that the "systemic banking crisis.... The problems of Citi, Bank of America and others suggest the system is bankrupt. In Europe, it’s the same thing." To deal with this problem, he recommends that the U.S. government "do triage between banks that are illiquid and undercapitalized but solvent, and those that are insolvent. The insolvent ones you have to shut down." He adds, "We're in a war economy. You need command-economy allocation of credit to the real economy. Not enough is being done," he felt at the time.

2010

In 2010, he again warned that despite an improved economy with rising stock markets, the crisis was not over and new bubbles were on the horizon:

:"We are just at the next stage. This is where we move from a private to a public debt problem . . . We socialised part of the private losses by bailing out financial institutions and providing fiscal stimulus to avoid the great recession from turning into a depression. But rising public debt is never a free lunch, eventually you have to pay for it."

In late May 2010, markets around the world began dropping due partly to problems in Greece and the Eurozone. "Roubini believes Greece will prove to be just the first of a series of countries standing on the brink," writes the ''Telegraph.'' Roubini explains the new issues governments must deal with:

:"We have to start to worry about the solvency of governments. What is happening today in Greece is the tip of the iceberg of rising sovereign debt problems in the eurozone, in the UK, in Japan and in the US. This... is going to be the next issue in the global financial crisis."

;China Roubini met officials in China during spring 2009, and points out that many Chinese commentators blame American "overborrowing and excess" for dragging them into a recession. However, he states that "even they realize that the very excess of American demand has created a market for Chinese exports." He adds that although Chinese leaders "would love to be less dependent on American customers and hate having so many of their nation’s foreign assets tied up in U.S. dollars," they’re now "more worried about keeping Chinese exporters in business. . . . I don’t think even the Chinese authorities have fully internalized the contradictions of their position."

2011

Roubini and political scientist Ian Bremmer have described the 21st century world as fragmenting economically and politically, where the "old models of understanding global dynamics are struggling" to keep up with rapid changes. In an article in ''Foreign Affairs'' magazine, they describe what they call a "G-Zero world," where the United States no longer has the resources to continue as the primary provider of global public goods. As a result, there is likely to be more conflict than cooperation between countries, creating a "zero sum game," a "game in which my win is your loss." They explain their rationale: :"Europe is fully occupied for the moment with saving the eurozone. Japan is likewise tied down with complex political and economic problems at home. None of these powers’ governments has the time, resources, or domestic political capital needed for a new bout of international heavy lifting. Meanwhile, there are no credible answers to transnational challenges without the direct involvement of emerging powers such as Brazil, China, and India. Yet these countries are far too focused on domestic development to welcome the burdens that come with new responsibilities abroad.

:"We are now living in a G-Zero world, one in which no single country or bloc of countries has the political and economic leverage—or the will—to drive a truly international agenda. The result will be intensified conflict on the international stage over vitally important issues, such as international macroeconomic coordination, financial regulatory reform, trade policy, and climate change. This new order has far-reaching implications for the global economy, as companies around the world sit on enormous stockpiles of cash, waiting for the current era of political and economic uncertainty to pass. Many of them can expect an extended wait."

Writings

Roubini is the author of several books, including:

''Crisis Economics: A Crash Course in the Future of Finance''

''Bailouts or Bail-ins? Responding to Financial Crises in Emerging Economies'' ''Political Cycles and the Macroeconomy'' ''New International Financial Architecture''

Research

Roubini's research interests include:

international macroeconomics and international finance;

macroeconomics and fiscal policy;

political economy;

growth theory;

European monetary issues.

Current appointments

Research Fellow, National Bureau of Economic Research

Research Fellow, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, UK

Member, Bretton Woods Committee

Member, Council on Foreign Relations Roundtable on the International Economy

Member, Academic Advisory Committee, Fiscal Affairs Department, International Monetary Fund

References

External links

Nouriel Roubini official website

*Global EconoMonitor

Economic Doom blog

Who is Roubini?

Nouriel Roubini at Stern School of Business, New York University

Profile at Leigh Bureau

Column archive at Project Syndicate

Category:People from Istanbul Category:1959 births Category:Living people Category:Iranian Jews Category:Turkish Jews Category:American economists Category:New Keynesian economists Category:International finance economists Category:Macroeconomists Category:Jewish American social scientists Category:Jewish American writers Category:American economics writers Category:United States Department of the Treasury officials Category:United States Council of Economic Advisers Category:Clinton Administration personnel Category:New York University faculty Category:Yale University faculty Category:Alumni of Bocconi University Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni Category:American art collectors Category:American people of Persian-Jewish descent Category:Iranian economists Category:American people of Iranian descent

bg:Нуриел Рубини da:Nouriel Roubini de:Nouriel Roubini es:Nouriel Roubini fa:نوریل روبینی fr:Nouriel Roubini ko:누리엘 루비니 hy:Նուրիել Ռուբինի is:Nouriel Roubini it:Nouriel Roubini he:נוריאל רוביני hu:Nouriel Roubini nl:Nouriel Roubini no:Nouriel Roubini pl:Nouriel Roubini pt:Nouriel Roubini ro:Nouriel Roubini ru:Рубини, Нуриэль fi:Nouriel Roubini tr:Nouriel Roubini zh:魯里埃爾·魯比尼

name	Dominic Barton
birth date	1962
occupation	Consultant, Management expert
citizenship	Canada
title	Senior Partner and Worldwide Managing Director
employer	McKinsey & Company, Inc.
alma mater	University of British Columbia Oxford University }}

Dominic "Dom" Barton (born 1962) is a longtime top senior partner and director at management consultancy McKinsey & Company, serving as its current managing director (chief executive) since 2009. He graduated from the University of British Columbia and pursued an MPhil in Economics as a Rhodes Scholar at Brasenose College, Oxford University.

Career

Barton was one of six students from a high school class of 200 to attend college. After the studying at the University of British Columbia he won a Rhodes Scholarship to attend Oxford University. He began his career as a currency analyst at Rothschild.

He joined McKinsey's Toronto office in 1986 and had a difficult time making partner, saying "It took me three times before I was elected a partner....I was working hard and I was rejected….it was a bit of a slap in the head." From then on, he said, "my bar will be higher than McKinsey's."

In the late 90s he made the then-counterintuitive career move of relocating to Korea to develop McKinsey's practice in the region. Barton enjoyed close relationships with the president and government of South Korea. He subsequently parlayed those relationships into a role running McKinsey in Korea from 2000–2004 and then McKinsey in Asia from 2004-2009. Barton's experience in Asia ultimately made him a strong candidate in the firm election as global managing director.

He is the author of ''China Vignettes: An Inside Look at China,'' a trustee of the Rhodes Trust and the Brookings Institution, and Chairman of the International Advisory Committee to the President of South Korea on National Future and Vision.

References

External links

McKinsey & Co.: The man behind the curtain

A Conversation with Dominic Barton

McKinsey Asia bio

Rhodes trustee bio

Dominic Barton 101

Barton interview

McKinsey MD bio

Category:Canadian management consultants Category:Living people Category:McKinsey & Company people Category:1962 births

}}

David James Bryant CBE (born 27 October 1931 in Clevedon, North Somerset, England) is a former three-time World (outdoors) singles bowls champion in 1966, 1980 and 1988 and also a three-time World indoors singles champion in 1979, 1980 and 1981. He also won the Commonwealth Games singles bowls championship on 4 occasions in 1962, 1970, 1974 and 1978. No bowls competition was held in the 1966 Commonwealth Games.

In 1969 he was awarded the Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for "services to bowls", and in 1980 he was awarded the Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for again for "services to bowls".

Bryant also won the Middleton Cup on numerous occasions where among his Somerset team mates was former Scottish League internationalist footballer, Bobby Black.

David Bryant has many books on the subject of bowls, including:

Bryant on Bowls — Outdoor & Indoor 1966 ISBN 0-304-93687-1

Bowl with Bryant 1984 ISBN 0-00-218025-1

The Game of Bowls (co author David Rhys Jones) 1990 ISBN 1-85225-101-8

Bowl to Win (co author Tony Allcock) 1994 ISBN 0-00-218523-7

See also

List of Bowls England champions

References

External links

David Bryant (Clevedon Bowling Club)

Category:Living people Category:English bowls players Category:People from Clevedon Category:1931 births Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England Category:Bowls players at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games Category:Bowls players at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games Category:Bowls players at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games Category:Bowls players at the 1978 Commonwealth Games Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for England

es:David John Bryant

bgcolour	#76A8FF
name	Max Ernst
birth date	April 02, 1891
birth place	Brühl, Germany
death date	April 01, 1976
death place	Paris, France
nationality	German
field	painting, sculpture, poetry
movement	Dada, Surrealism
awards	}}

Max Ernst (2 April 1891 – 1 April 1976) was a German painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and poet. A prolific artist, Ernst was one of the primary pioneers of the Dada movement and Surrealism.

Biography

Early life

Ernst was born on April 2, 1891, in Brühl, near Cologne, the third of nine children of a middle-class Catholic family. His father Philipp Ernst was a teacher of the deaf and dumb and an amateur painter. A devout Christian and a strict disciplinarian, he inspired in his son a penchant for defying authority, while his interest in painting and sketching in nature influenced Max Ernst to take up painting himself. In 1909 Ernst enrolled in the University of Bonn, studying philosophy, art history, literature, psychology and psychiatry. He visited asylums and became fascinated with the art of the mentally ill patients; he also started painting this year, producing sketches in the garden of the Brühl castle and portraits of his sister and himself. In 1911 Ernst befriended August Macke and joined his ''Die Rheinischen Expressionisten'' group of artists, deciding to become an artist. In 1912 he visited the Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne, where works by Pablo Picasso and post-Impressionists such as Vincent Van Gogh and Paul Gauguin profoundly influenced his approach to art. His own work was exhibited the same year together with that of the Das Junge Rheinland group, at Galerie Feldman in Cologne, and then in several group exhibitions in 1913.

In 1914 Ernst met Hans Arp in Cologne. The two soon became friends and their relationship lasted for fifty years. After Ernst completed his studies in the summer, his life was interrupted by World War I. Ernst was drafted and served both on the Western and the Eastern front. Such was the devastating effect of the war on the artist that in his autobiography he referred to his time in the army thus: "On the first of August 1914 M[ax].E[rnst]. died. He was resurrected on the eleventh of November 1918." However, for a brief period on the Western front, Ernst's position was charting maps, which allowed him to continue painting. Several German Expressionist painters died in action during the war, among them Macke and Franz Marc.

Dada and surrealism

Ernst was demobilized in 1918 and returned to Cologne. He soon married art history student Luise Straus, whom he met in 1914. Next year Ernst visited Paul Klee in Munich and studied paintings by Giorgio de Chirico, which left a deep impression on him. The same year, inspired partly by de Chirico and partly by studying mail-order catalogues, teaching-aide manuals, and similar sources, he produced his first collages (notably ''Fiat modes'', a portfolio of lithographs), a technique which would come to dominate his artistic pursuits in the years to come. Also in 1919 Ernst, social activist Johannes Theodor Baargeld, and a number of their friends and colleagues founded the Cologne Dada group. In 1919–20 Ernst and Baargeld published various short-lived magazines such as ''Der Strom'' and ''die schammade'' and organized Dada exhibitions.

Ernst's son Ulrich 'Jimmy' Ernst was born on 24 June 1920. He went on to become a painter like his father, but Ernst's marriage to Luise was short-lived. In 1921 he met Paul Éluard, who became a close lifelong friend. Éluard bought two of Ernst's paintings (''Celebes'' and ''Oedipus Rex'') and selected six collages to illustrate his poetry collection ''Répétitions''. A year later the two collaborated on ''Les malheurs des immortels'', and then, with André Breton whom Ernst met in 1921, on the magazine ''Litterature''. In 1922, unable to secure the necessary papers, Ernst entered France illegally and settled into a ménage à trois with the Éluards in Paris suburb Saint-Brice, leaving behind his wife and son. During his first two years in Paris Ernst took various odd jobs to make a living and continued to paint. In 1923 the Éluards moved to a new home in Eaubonne, near Paris, where Ernst painted numerous murals. The same year his works were exhibited at ''Salon des Indépendants''.

Although apparently accepting the ménage à trois at first, Éluard eventually became more concerned about the affair. In 1924 he abruptly left, first for Monaco, and then for Saigon, Vietnam. He soon asked his wife and Max Ernst to join him; both had to sell numerous paintings to finance the trip. Ernst went to Düsseldorf and sold a large number of his works to a longtime friend, Johanna Ey, owner of gallery ''Das Junge Rheinland''. After a brief time together in Saigon, the trio decided that Gala would remain with Paul. The Éluards returned to Eaubonne in early September, while Ernst followed them some months later, after exploring more of South-East Asia. He returned to Paris in late 1924 and soon signed a contract with Jacques Viot that allowed him to paint full time. In 1925 Ernst established a studio at 22, rue Tourlaque.

Constantly experimenting, in 1925 he invented a graphic art technique called frottage (see Surrealist techniques), which uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of images. He also created another technique called 'grattage' in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath. He uses this technique in his famous painting ''Forest and Dove'' (as shown at the Tate Modern).

The next year he collaborated with Joan Miró on designs for Sergei Diaghilev. With Miró's help, Ernst pioneered grattage in which he troweled pigment from his canvases. He also explored with the technique of decalcomania which involves pressing paint between two surfaces.

Ernst developed a fascination with birds that was prevalent in his work. His alter ego in paintings, which he called Loplop, was a bird. He suggested that this alter-ego was an extension of himself stemming from an early confusion of birds and humans. He said that one night when he was young he woke up and found that his beloved bird had died, and a few minutes later his father announced that his sister was born. Loplop often appeared in collages of other artists' work, such as ''Loplop presents André Breton''. Ernst drew a great deal of controversy with his 1926 painting ''The Virgin Chastises the infant Jesus before Three Witnesses: André Breton, Paul Éluard, and the Painter''. In 1927 he married Marie-Berthe Aurenche, and it is thought his relationship with her may have inspired the erotic subject matter of ''The Kiss'' and other works of this year. In 1930, he appeared in the film ''L'Âge d'Or'', directed by self-identifying Surrealist Luis Buñuel. Ernst began to make sculpture in 1934, and spent time with Alberto Giacometti. In 1938, the American heiress and artistic patron Peggy Guggenheim acquired a number of Max Ernst's works which she displayed in her new museum in London. Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim were also married to one another from 1942 to 1946.

World War II and later life

In 1938 he was interned in Camp des Milles, near Aix-en-Provence, along with fellow surrealist, Hans Bellmer, who had recently emigrated to Paris on the outbreak of World War II. Thanks to the intercession of Paul Éluard and other friends, including the journalist Varian Fry, he was discharged a few weeks later. Soon after the Nazi occupation of France, he was arrested again, this time by the Gestapo, but managed to escape and flee to America with the help of Guggenheim. He left behind his lover, Leonora Carrington, and she suffered a major mental breakdown. Ernst and Guggenheim arrived in the United States in 1941 and were married the following year. Along with other artists and friends (Marcel Duchamp and Marc Chagall) who had fled from the war and lived in New York City, Ernst helped inspire the development of Abstract expressionism.

His marriage to Guggenheim did not last, and in Beverly Hills, California in October 1946, in a double ceremony with Man Ray and Juliet P. Browner, he married Dorothea Tanning. The couple first made their home in Sedona, Arizona. In 1948 Ernst wrote the treatise ''Beyond Painting''. As a result of the publicity, he began to achieve financial success.

In 1953 he and Tanning moved to a small town in the south of France where he continued to work. The City, and the Galeries Nationales du Grand-Palais in Paris published a complete catalogue of his works. In 1966 he created a chess set made of glass which he named "Immortel"; it has been described by the poet André Verdet as "a masterpiece of bewitching magic, worthy of a Maya palace or the residence of a Pharaon".

Ernst died on 1 April 1976 in Paris. He was interred at the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

Selected works

Paintings

Early works

''Aquis Submersus'' (1919)

''Trophy, Hypertrophied'' (1919)

''Little Machine Constructed by Minimax Dadamax in Person'' (1919–1920)

''Murdering Airplane'' (1920)

''The Hat Makes the Man'' (1920)

''Celebes'' (1921)

''Oedipus Rex'' (1922)

First French period

''Pietà or Revolution by Night'' (1923)

''Saint Cecilia'' (1923)

''The Wavering Woman'' (1923)

''Ubu Imperator'' (1923)

''Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale'' (1924)

''Woman, Old Man and Flower'' (1924)

''Paris Dream'' (1924–25)

''The Blessed Virgin Chastises the Infant Jesus Before Three Witnesses: A.B., P.E. and the Artist'' (1926)

''Forest'' series, e.g. ''Forest and Dove'' (1927), ''The Wood'' (1927)

''Loplop'' series, e.g. ''Loplop Introduces Loplop'' (1930), ''Loplop Introduces a Young Girl'' (1930)

''City'' series, e.g. ''Petrified City'' (1933), ''Entire City'' (1935–36, two versions)

''Garden Aeroplane Trap'' series (1935–36)

''The Joy of Living'' (1936)

''The Fascinating Cypress'' (1940)

''The Robing of the Bride'' (1940)

American period

''Totem and Taboo'' (1941)

''Marlene'' (1941)

''Napoleon in the Wilderness'' (1941)

''Day and Night'' (1941–42)

''The Antipope '' (1942)

''Europe After the Rain II'' (1940–42)

''Surrealism and Painting'' (1942)

''Vox Angelica'' (1943)

''Everyone Here Speaks Latin'' (1943)

''Painting for Young People'' (1943)

''The Eye of Silence'' (1944)

''Dream and Revolution'' (1945)

''The Phases of the Night'' (1946)

''Design In Nature'' (1947)

''Inspired Hill'' (1950)

''Colorado of Medusa, Color-Raft of Medusa'' (1953)

Second French period

''Mundus est fabula'' (1959)

''The Garden of France'' (1962)

''The Sky Marries the Earth'' (1964)

''The World of the Naive'' (1965)

''Ubu, Father and Son'' (1966)

''Birth of a Galaxy'' (1969)

"La dernière forêt" (The last forest) (1960- 1970)

Collages, lithographs, drawings, illustrations, etc.

''Fiat modes'' (1919, portfolio of lithographs)

Illustrations for books by Paul Éluard: ''Répétitions'' (1921), ''Les malheurs des immortels'' (1922), ''Au défaut du silence'' (1925)

''Histoire Naturelle'' (1926, frottage drawings)

''La femme 100 têtes'' (1929, graphic novel)

''Rêve d'une petite fille qui voulut entrer au carmel'' (1930, graphic novel)

''Une Semaine de Bonté'' (1934, graphic novel)

''Paramythes'' (1949, collages with poems)

Illustrations for editions of works by Lewis Carroll: ''Symbolic Logic'' (1966, under the title ''Logique sans peine''), ''The Hunting of the Snark'' (1968), and ''Lewis Carrols Wunderhorn'' (1970, an anthology of texts)

''Aux petits agneaux'' (1971, lithographs)

''Paysage marin avec capucin'' (1972, illustrated book with essays by various authors)

''Oiseaux en peril'' (1975, etchings with aquatint in colors; published posthumously)

Sculpture

''Bird'' (c. 1924)

''Oedipus'' (1934, two versions)

''Moonmad'' (1944)

''An Anxious Friend'' (1944)

''Capricorn'' (1948)

''Two and Two Make One'' (1956)

''Immortel'' (1966–67)

Ernst in modern culture

Many of Ernst's works from ''Une Semaine de Bonté'' are used in albums by American rock group The Mars Volta. Also, ''Barefoot In The Head'', a collaboration between guitarist Thurston Moore and saxophonists Jim Sauter and Don Dietrich of Borbetomagus, features a collage from this same book.

The American rock group Mission of Burma titled two songs after the artist: "Max Ernst" was the b-side of their first 1980 single (now included on the CD of ''Signals, Calls and Marches''), mentioning two of Ernst's paintings (''The Blessed Virgin Chastises the Infant Jesus'' and ''Garden Airplane-Trap'') and ending with the words "Dada dada dada ..." repeated many times and distorted via tape loop; their 2002 album ''OnOffOn'' features "Max Ernst's Dream".

The writer J. G. Ballard makes numerous references to the art works of Max Ernst in his breakthrough novel ''The Drowned World'' (1962) and the experimental collection of short stories ''The Atrocity Exhibition'' (1970).

''Europe After the Rain'' was used by musician John Foxx as the title for the opening track of his 1981 album ''The Garden''.

The first edition (Jonathan Cape) of J.G. Ballard's ''The Crystal World'' and the Penguin paperback edition of James Blish's ''A Case of Conscience'' both use details from The Eye of Silence as cover art.

Legacy

Max Ernst's life and career are the subject of Peter Schamoni's 1991 documentary ''Max Ernst''. Dedicated to the art historian Werner Spies, it was assembled from interviews with Ernst, stills of his paintings and sculptures, and the memoirs of his wife Dorothea Tanning and son Jimmy. The 101-minute German film was released on DVD with English subtitles by Image Entertainment.

In 2005, "Max Ernst: A Retrospective" opened at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and included works such as ''Celebes'' (1921), ''Ubu Imperator'' (1923), and ''Fireside Angel'' (1937), which is one of the few definitively political pieces and is sub-titled ''The Triumph of Surrealism'' depicting a raging bird-like creature that symbolizes the wave of fascism that took over Europe. The exhibition also includes Ernst's works that experiment with free association writing and the techniques of frottage, created from a rubbing from a textured surface; grattage, involving scratching at the surface of a painting; and decalcomania, which involves altering a wet painting by pressing a second surface against it and taking it away.

Ernst's son Jimmy, a well known German/American abstract expressionist painter, who lived on the south shore of Long Island, died in 1984. His memoirs, ''A Not-So-Still Life'', were published shortly before his death. His grandson Eric and granddaughter Amy are both artists and writers.

Gallery

References

Bibliography

Werner Spies & Sabine Rewald (eds.), ''Max Ernst: A Retrospective''. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art / New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005. Catalogue of exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York: ''Max Ernst: a retrospective''

John Russell. ''Max Ernst: life and work'' (New York, H.N. Abrams, 1967) OCLC 2034599

Bodley Gallery (New York, N.Y.) Max Ernst : paintings, collages, drawings, sculpture : October 30-November 25, 1961 : Bodley Gallery, 223 East 60, New York (exhibition catalogue and commentary; published by the gallery, 1961) OCLC 54157692

''Max Ernst Books and Graphic Works''. Institut fur Auslandsbeziehungen, 1977.

Elizabeth Legge. Max Ernst: The Psychoanalytic Sources (UMI, 1989).

David Hopkins. Marcel Duchamp and Max Ernst: The Bride Shared (Oxford, 1998).

William Camfield. Max Ernst Dada and the Dawn of Surrealism (MoMA, 1993).

External links

Works in the National Galleries of Scotland

Max-Ernst Museum Brühl

Max Ernst works and biography Olga's Gallery

Max Ernst works and biography Galerie Ludorff

Max Ernst gallery Ten Dreams

"Max Ernst, will-o'-the-wisp" Max Ernst explained to younger generation, Gilbert-Rts

Max Ernst facts Artfacts.Net

Max Ernst MasterPiece: "Immortel" Maxernstmasterpiece.com

Max Ernst Exposition Max Ernst Exposition on the web

Max-Ernst Biography

Category:1891 births Category:1976 deaths Category:German artists Category:German painters Category:Modern painters Category:Modern sculptors Category:Dada Category:Surrealist artists Category:University of Bonn alumni Category:People from Brühl (Rhineland) Category:People from the Rhine Province Category:People from Sedona, Arizona Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery

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